As it can be seen, except for the CHP counter-measure, which has rigid penetration rates set to it, all the other CMs are allowed free choice, where in effect, the model chooses the technology to implement, provided its criterion of cost minimisation is satisfied. In this study, the authors have not considered carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology as a counter-measure. Hence, most counter-measures not only mitigate CO2 emissions, they also reduce the consumption of energy as well.