plots the effects of reaction temperature and time on oligomeric sugar formation under various reaction-temperature (100–140 °C) and reaction-time (1–3 h) conditions. With increasing reaction temperature, the sugar yields decreased, which indi- cated that oligomeric sugars hydrolyzed to mono-sugars by passing time at higher temperature.
Fig. 3(E) plots the effects of reaction temperature and time on 5-HMF formation. At low temperatures, which are to say, until 120 °C, the 5-HMF yield linearly increased, and at 130 °C, it was consistently maintained after 2 h. At 140 °C, the 5-HMF concentration slightly decreased with passing reaction time; at the same temperature after 2 and 3h, it was lower than at 130 °C. These results indicated that the 5-HMF produced from the sugars had been further converted into LA and formic acid by hydration
plots the effects of reaction temperature and time on oligomeric sugar formation under various reaction-temperature (100–140 °C) and reaction-time (1–3 h) conditions. With increasing reaction temperature, the sugar yields decreased, which indi- cated that oligomeric sugars hydrolyzed to mono-sugars by passing time at higher temperature.Fig. 3(E) plots the effects of reaction temperature and time on 5-HMF formation. At low temperatures, which are to say, until 120 °C, the 5-HMF yield linearly increased, and at 130 °C, it was consistently maintained after 2 h. At 140 °C, the 5-HMF concentration slightly decreased with passing reaction time; at the same temperature after 2 and 3h, it was lower than at 130 °C. These results indicated that the 5-HMF produced from the sugars had been further converted into LA and formic acid by hydration
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