They were investigating if nanotubes modified by atomic layer deposition coatings would have an effect on the severity of such fibrosis, especially as such modification is currently the most common way to enhance the functional properties of carbon nanotubes used in products such as those based on microelectronics that require an accurate thickness and uniform surface, as well as biomedical applications involving surface properties that are crucial for directing the interactions of the material with cells or tissues to help ensure they are more biocompatible.