No significant differences in standard deviation of profits to standard deviation of cash
flows between groups suggests that fair value did not provide greater discretionarily to
manipulate earnings, as is usually assumed (e.g. Watts, 2003; Liang and Wen, 2007).
Regressions performed for equations (1), (2) and (3) are displayed in table 2. Column
(A) displays estimations when the independent variable is standard deviation of profits,
Values of variance inflation factors, condition indexes and variance proportion of
variables suggest that collinearity and multicollinearity do not likely disturb regression
estimations. The model presents a significant goodness-of-fit and explains about 98% of
the total variability.