In contrast, if the focus is on the individual, and with some supporting evidence that some
Individuals under-weight, or even ignore, some or all of the effects of their decisions on the utility of other family member, a relative high proportion of the costs of abuse of other family member, of reduction in family income, and even some of the costs of higher morbidity and mortality, become external costs born by other family members. Clarke (2008)supports this view, whereas Manning et al.(1989) lean toward treating intangible costs to family members as internal costs. The truth likely falls between these two views.