On the other hand, there are not many papers which look at the challenges faced by 3PL companies and address how they can overcome such challenges. One paper by Min [27] listed some of the challenges related to distribution but is specifically for the Japan market. Some of the listed challenges include overcoming the dominance of wholesalers, understanding the complex structure of the distribution channel and legal issues. This paper however, attempts to identify and categorize the challenges faced by 3PL companies on a higher level and in a broader sense. The challenges identified are grouped into different layers. In each layer, the associated attributes are listed and potential gaps are identified. Some of the challenges are linked to the experience and information collected from the interviews with two 3PL companies.