Decades ago, a novel single-layer woven fabric was designed by Theisen and Tenn,2 Kurashiki and Tokyo,3 Pedersen4 and Gillette et al.,5 called ‘waffleshape’ or ‘honeycomb’ structural fabric, for various
applications such as geotextiles, air filters, tower packing and underclothing. Owing to the combination of
the long yarn floats and interlacement of plain weave, the single-layer fabric displays a special three-dimensional(3D) architecture, as shown in Figure 1(d),which is greatly different from the traditional singlelayer weaves, such as plain and twill, and even the 3D weaves, such as angle-interlock and orthogonal fabrics with a set of through-thickness binding yarns and 3D knitted spacer fabrics.