4.1. Artificial Vision. Artificial Intelligence (AI) was initiated as a field in the
1950’s with the ambitious (and so-far unrealized) goal of creating artificial systems
with human-like intelligence3. Whereas classical AI had been mostly concerned with
symbolic representation and reasoning, new subfields were created as researchers
embraced the complexity of the goal and realized the importance of sub-symbolic
information and perception. In particular, artificial vision [32, 44, 39, 92] emerged
in the 1970’s with the more limited goal to mimic human vision with man-made
systems (in practice, computers).