In this large, population-based prospective
study, higher creatinine-corrected urinary
cadmium levels were associated with increased
all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular disease mortality among men. This increased mortality
was present among current, former, and
never-smoking men, despite the differences in
creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium levels
among these three groups (geometric means
of 0.42, 0.38, and 0.16 µg/g, respectively).
Creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium was
not associated with increased mortality among
women overall, even though women had
higher creatinine-corrected urinary cadmium
levels than did men.