needed to provide bond to the reinforcing steel and underlying
concrete.
These low w/c concretes require at least 7 days of continuous
moist curing to obtain adequate hydration.
LSDC permits galvanic corrosion, even with a 0.32 w/c and
25 mm (1.0 in.) cover (Pfeifer, Landgren, and Zoob 1987).
Drying-shrinkage cracks, depending on crack width and
depth, can increase chloride-ion intrusion, resulting in
corrosion of the reinforcing steel in bridge deck overlays
(Babei and Hawkins 1988). Because there are no standards,
the specifying engineer should review appropriate application
and compatibility issues.
c) Applications—LSDC is frequently used as an overlay or
final wearing course in a composite repair to obtain a quality,
abrasion-resistant, protective layer with a durable concrete
surface.
d) Standards—The same standards apply to LSDC as
apply to conventional concrete.
3.2.9 Magnesium phosphate concrete and mortar—
Magnesium phosphate concrete and mortar (MPC) is based
on a hydraulic cement system that is different from portland
cement. Unlike portland and some polymer-cement
concrete, which require moist curing for optimum property
development, these systems produce their best properties
upon air curing, similar to epoxy concrete. Rapid strength
development and heat are produced, although retarded
versions are available that produce less heat. These materials
have been used in repairs to concrete since the mid 1970s.
a) Advantages—Setting times of 10 to 20 min are typically
encountered at room temperatures, and early strength development
of 14 MPa (2000 psi) within 2 h is regularly
obtained. Retarded versions with extended setting times of
45 to 60 min at room temperature are also available. Scale
resistance is similar to air-entrained, portland-cement-based
concrete materials. When extended with aggregates, abrasion
resistance of MPC is similar to conventional concrete of
similar strength, when tested in accordance with ASTM C 672.
Neat magnesium phosphate cement naturally has lower
abrasion resistance, similar to portland-cement mortar of
equal strength.
Magnesium phosphate mortar and concrete can be placed
at temperatures as low as 32 °C (0 °F), or lower if the mixing
water and material are heated. Magnesium phosphate
mortars typically achieves 40 MPa (6000 psi) compressive
strength within 48 h and does not increase very much beyond
that level. The material has good bond strength to portland
cement and low permeability. Thin patches with magnesium
phosphate mortar perform better than portland cement
patches because they do not require a moist cure.
b) Limitations—MPC should be extended only with
noncalcareous aggregates such as silica, basalt, granite, trap
rock, and other hard rocks. Reaction of carbonated surfaces
with the early-forming phosphoric acid produces carbon
dioxide (CO2) and weakens the paste aggregate bond.
Because of its acid-base reaction, MPC should be used only
on well-prepared concrete substrates that have had the
carbonation layer removed by mechanical or chemical
means. MPC reacts chemically with the dust of the fracture
needed to provide bond to the reinforcing steel and underlyingconcrete.These low w/c concretes require at least 7 days of continuousmoist curing to obtain adequate hydration.LSDC permits galvanic corrosion, even with a 0.32 w/c and25 mm (1.0 in.) cover (Pfeifer, Landgren, and Zoob 1987).Drying-shrinkage cracks, depending on crack width anddepth, can increase chloride-ion intrusion, resulting incorrosion of the reinforcing steel in bridge deck overlays(Babei and Hawkins 1988). Because there are no standards,the specifying engineer should review appropriate applicationand compatibility issues.c) Applications—LSDC is frequently used as an overlay orfinal wearing course in a composite repair to obtain a quality,abrasion-resistant, protective layer with a durable concretesurface.d) Standards—The same standards apply to LSDC asapply to conventional concrete.3.2.9 Magnesium phosphate concrete and mortar—Magnesium phosphate concrete and mortar (MPC) is basedon a hydraulic cement system that is different from portlandcement. Unlike portland and some polymer-cementconcrete, which require moist curing for optimum propertydevelopment, these systems produce their best propertiesupon air curing, similar to epoxy concrete. Rapid strengthdevelopment and heat are produced, although retardedversions are available that produce less heat. These materialshave been used in repairs to concrete since the mid 1970s.a) Advantages—Setting times of 10 to 20 min are typicallyencountered at room temperatures, and early strength developmentof 14 MPa (2000 psi) within 2 h is regularlyobtained. Retarded versions with extended setting times of45 to 60 min at room temperature are also available. Scaleresistance is similar to air-entrained, portland-cement-basedconcrete materials. When extended with aggregates, abrasionresistance of MPC is similar to conventional concrete ofsimilar strength, when tested in accordance with ASTM C 672.Neat magnesium phosphate cement naturally has lowerabrasion resistance, similar to portland-cement mortar ofequal strength.Magnesium phosphate mortar and concrete can be placedat temperatures as low as 32 °C (0 °F), or lower if the mixingwater and material are heated. Magnesium phosphatemortars typically achieves 40 MPa (6000 psi) compressivestrength within 48 h and does not increase very much beyondthat level. The material has good bond strength to portlandcement and low permeability. Thin patches with magnesiumphosphate mortar perform better than portland cementpatches because they do not require a moist cure.b) Limitations—MPC should be extended only withnoncalcareous aggregates such as silica, basalt, granite, traprock, and other hard rocks. Reaction of carbonated surfaceswith the early-forming phosphoric acid produces carbondioxide (CO2) and weakens the paste aggregate bond.Because of its acid-base reaction, MPC should be used onlyon well-prepared concrete substrates that have had thecarbonation layer removed by mechanical or chemicalmeans. MPC reacts chemically with the dust of the fracture
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