Introduction
Obesity is as much a psychological as a physical problem. Psychological issues can not only foreshadow the development of obesity, but they can also follow ongoing struggles to control weight. Because the psychological aspects of obesity are so important, psychological assessments and interventions have become an integral part of a multidisciplinary approach to treating obesity, which includes the use of bariatric surgery.
Psychological “Risk Factors” of Obesity
The etiological basis of eating disorders and obesity usually lies in some combination of psychosocial, environmental, and genetic or biological attributes. Individuals who suffer from psychological disorders (e.g. depression, anxiety, and eating disorders) may have more difficulty controlling their consumption of food, exercising an adequate amount, and maintaining a healthy weight.
Food is often used as a coping mechanism by those with weight problems, particularly when they are sad, anxious, stressed, lonely, and frustrated. In many obese individuals there appears to be a perpetual cycle of mood disturbance, overeating, and weight gain. When they feel distressed, they turn to food to help cope, and though such comfort eating may result in temporary attenuation of their distressed mood, the weight gain that results may cause a dysphoric mood due to their inability to control their stress. The resulting guilt may reactivate the cycle, leading to a continuous pattern of using food to cope with emotions. This pattern is particularly applicable if there is a genetic predisposition for obesity or a “toxic” environment in which calorically dense foods are readily available and physical activity is limited. Unfortunately, these circumstances are common in America.
In addition to depression and anxiety, other risk factors include problematic eating behaviors such as “mindless eating,” frequent snacking on high calories foods, overeating, and night eating[1] Binge eating disorder (BED) is currently included in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)[2] and is characterized by: recurrent episodes of eating during a discrete period of time (at least 2 days a week over a 6 month period); eating quantities of food that are larger than most people would eat during a similar amount of time; a sense of lack of control during the episodes; and guilt or distress following the episodes. BED is estimated to occur in approximately 2% of the general population and between 10% and 25% of the bariatric population.[3] An important differentiation between BED and bulimia/anorexia is that BED is not associated with any regular compensatory behaviors, such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise, [2] so the majority of individuals with BED are overweight.
Night eating is another disorder that can lead to significant weight gain, though night eating syndrome (NES) is not currently recognized as a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR. First identified in 1955, NES is characterized by excessive nighttime consumption (> 35% of daily calories after the evening meal), unhealthy eating patterns, “morning anorexia,” insomnia, and distress.4 NES occurs in approximately 1% of the general population and an estimated 5-20% of the bariatric population. [3] More recently, NES has been viewed as a disorder of circadian rhythm that includes a delay of appetite in the mornings and the continuation of appetite and overeating into the night.
Psychological Sequelae of Obesity
Society views obesity very negatively and tends to believe that people who are obese are “weak-willed” and “unmotivated”. [5] Obese individuals are often aware of these negative views, and internalize them, putting themselves at risk for disorders of mood, anxiety, and substance abuse. They perceive interpersonal and work-related discrimination, [6] often suffer from low self-esteem as a result, and feel uncomfortable with their bodies (i.e. body image dissatisfaction). [3] These feelings may lead to strain on their intimate and romantic relationships. 20-70% of obese individuals considering bariatric surgery suffer from a current and/or past psychiatric disorder, of which Major Depressive Disorder is the most prominent.
Obese individuals have typically made multiple attempts to lose weight, with little or no success. Their failed attempts result in discouragement, frustration, hopelessness, and learned helplessness about the prospect of losing weight in the future on their own. For this reason, many turn to bariatric surgery as a last resort. Not surprisingly, significant weight loss confers psychological as well as medical benefits, with improved mood, self-esteem, motivation, and relationships. A meta-analysis of 40 studies focusing on psychosocial outcomes of bariatric surgery proposed that psychological health and psychosocial status including social relationships and employment opportunities improved; and psychiatric symptoms and comorbidity, predominantly affective disorders, decreased. These changes led to improved quality of life for the majority who had weight loss surgery.[7]
แนะนำโรคอ้วนมากมีจิตใจเป็นปัญหาทางกายภาพได้ ปัญหาทางจิตใจไม่สามารถเฉพาะ foreshadow การพัฒนาของโรคอ้วน แต่พวกเขายังสามารถทำตามย่างต่อเนื่องเพื่อควบคุมน้ำหนัก เนื่องจากลักษณะทางจิตวิทยาของโรคอ้วนมีความสำคัญมาก ประเมินทางจิตวิทยาและการแทรกแซงได้เป็น เป็นส่วนหนึ่งของวิธีการแบบ multidisciplinary เพื่อรักษาโรคอ้วน ซึ่งรวมถึงการใช้ผ่าตัด bariatricจิตใจ "ปัจจัยเสี่ยง" ของโรคอ้วนพื้นฐาน etiological eating โรคและโรคอ้วนมักจะอยู่ในแอตทริบิวต์ psychosocial สิ่งแวด ล้อม และพันธุกรรม หรือทางชีวภาพบาง บุคคลที่ทุกข์ทรมานจากโรคทางจิตใจ (เช่นภาวะซึมเศร้า วิตกกังวล และโรค eating) อาจมีปัญหาการควบคุมการบริโภคอาหาร ออกกำลังกายจำนวนเพียงพอ และการรักษาน้ำหนักสุขภาพFood is often used as a coping mechanism by those with weight problems, particularly when they are sad, anxious, stressed, lonely, and frustrated. In many obese individuals there appears to be a perpetual cycle of mood disturbance, overeating, and weight gain. When they feel distressed, they turn to food to help cope, and though such comfort eating may result in temporary attenuation of their distressed mood, the weight gain that results may cause a dysphoric mood due to their inability to control their stress. The resulting guilt may reactivate the cycle, leading to a continuous pattern of using food to cope with emotions. This pattern is particularly applicable if there is a genetic predisposition for obesity or a “toxic” environment in which calorically dense foods are readily available and physical activity is limited. Unfortunately, these circumstances are common in America.In addition to depression and anxiety, other risk factors include problematic eating behaviors such as “mindless eating,” frequent snacking on high calories foods, overeating, and night eating[1] Binge eating disorder (BED) is currently included in an appendix of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)[2] and is characterized by: recurrent episodes of eating during a discrete period of time (at least 2 days a week over a 6 month period); eating quantities of food that are larger than most people would eat during a similar amount of time; a sense of lack of control during the episodes; and guilt or distress following the episodes. BED is estimated to occur in approximately 2% of the general population and between 10% and 25% of the bariatric population.[3] An important differentiation between BED and bulimia/anorexia is that BED is not associated with any regular compensatory behaviors, such as purging, fasting, or excessive exercise, [2] so the majority of individuals with BED are overweight.Night eating is another disorder that can lead to significant weight gain, though night eating syndrome (NES) is not currently recognized as a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-IV-TR. First identified in 1955, NES is characterized by excessive nighttime consumption (> 35% of daily calories after the evening meal), unhealthy eating patterns, “morning anorexia,” insomnia, and distress.4 NES occurs in approximately 1% of the general population and an estimated 5-20% of the bariatric population. [3] More recently, NES has been viewed as a disorder of circadian rhythm that includes a delay of appetite in the mornings and the continuation of appetite and overeating into the night.Psychological Sequelae of ObesitySociety views obesity very negatively and tends to believe that people who are obese are “weak-willed” and “unmotivated”. [5] Obese individuals are often aware of these negative views, and internalize them, putting themselves at risk for disorders of mood, anxiety, and substance abuse. They perceive interpersonal and work-related discrimination, [6] often suffer from low self-esteem as a result, and feel uncomfortable with their bodies (i.e. body image dissatisfaction). [3] These feelings may lead to strain on their intimate and romantic relationships. 20-70% of obese individuals considering bariatric surgery suffer from a current and/or past psychiatric disorder, of which Major Depressive Disorder is the most prominent.
Obese individuals have typically made multiple attempts to lose weight, with little or no success. Their failed attempts result in discouragement, frustration, hopelessness, and learned helplessness about the prospect of losing weight in the future on their own. For this reason, many turn to bariatric surgery as a last resort. Not surprisingly, significant weight loss confers psychological as well as medical benefits, with improved mood, self-esteem, motivation, and relationships. A meta-analysis of 40 studies focusing on psychosocial outcomes of bariatric surgery proposed that psychological health and psychosocial status including social relationships and employment opportunities improved; and psychiatric symptoms and comorbidity, predominantly affective disorders, decreased. These changes led to improved quality of life for the majority who had weight loss surgery.[7]
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