The origins of software and system measurements are grounded in code complexity measures [McCabe 1976], software project cost estimation [Boehm 1981], software quality assurance [Moller 1988], and software developments process improvement [Basili 1980]. In 1987, Grady and Caswell wrote a book on the application of a management by metrics approach that was practiced at Hewlett-Packard [Grady et al.1987]