NEs formation was carried out using a method based on a spontaneous emulsification procedure described previously [37]with some minor modifications. In brief, spontaneous emulsification was performed by addition of an organic phase (containing different amounts of VE, MCT, and non-ionic surfactant) to an aqueous phase (pH 3.0, 0.8% citric acid, 0.08% sodium benzoate) while magnetically stirring the system. The composition of the buffer solution was designed to imitate the aqueous phase of many commercial beverage products. Unless otherwise stated, the experiments were carried out using standardized conditions: (i) an oil content of 10 wt.%, surfactant content of 10 wt.%, and aqueous phase content of 80 wt.% (ii) a magnetic stirrer speed of 500 rpm;(iii) a temperature of 25 องศาเซลเซียส. In these samples, the oil (10g) and surfactant (10 g) were first mixed together and then the mixture was slowly poured into 80 g of aqueous phase over a 15 min period. In some experiments, specific parameters were varied to determine their influence on the size of the particles produced by the spontaneous emulsification method: