We measured our primary independent variables, the IPCs, using 7 multi-item scales that we adapted from 2 existing instruments. The first instrument was the original version of the Interpersonal Processes of Care Survey,10 which was developed for adults from diverse racial/ethnic groups. The second instrument was the Prenatal Interpersonal Processes of Care(PIPC)Survey,11 inwhichtheoriginalIPCs were adapted and validated for ethnically diverse, pregnant women. We analyzed measures of provider---patient communication (elicitation of patient problems and responsiveness, explanations, and empowerment and self-care), patient-centered decision-making, and the prenatal provider’s interpersonal style (respectfulness, perceived discrimination, and emotional support and reassurance). Whereas the original instruments referred to “doctors” (IPC instrument) or “providers” (PIPC instrument), we used the term “doctors and other health professionals” since many women receive their prenatal care from midwives. The questionsthatassessedIPCspecificallyreferred to the index pregnancy. The scores for each scale ranged from1to 5; a higher score indicated that the woman reported more favorableexperiences,suchasmoreexplanations or less discrimination.