Variable
Beef buffalo herds Beef cattle herds
Small
( n=22)
Medium
(n=20)
Large
(n=19)
Small
( n=20)
Medium
( n =20)
Large
(n=20)
Family members
Spouse (831) * 59.1 60.0 63.2 80.0 80.0 70.0
Children (31) 22.7 15.0 26.3 20.0 35.0 35.0
Other relatives (11) 4.5 15.0 10.5 0 20.0 5.0
Grandchild (5) 9.1 0 5.3 10.0 0 0
Parents (4) 0 10.0 0 10.0 0 0
Family labour
Temporary (73) † 68.2 50.0 52.6 70.0 80.0 40.0
Permanent (30) † 4.5 25.0 31.6 15.0 25.0 50.0
Speci fic season (7) 0 5.0 10.5 5.0 0 15.0
Hired labour
Temporary (43) 27.3 70.0 21.1 15.0 45.0 35.0
Permanent (12) † 0 0 36.8 0 0 25.0
Seasonal (3) 0 5.0 5.3 0 0 5.0