The second moderator examined in this study was the effectiveness of inoculation
to produce resistance to novel attack arguments. It was predicted that inoculation
treatments would generalize beyond the arguments refuted in those treatments. The
results indicated that inoculations do confer resistance even to attacks that were not
addressed in inoculation treatment and, furthermore, the effects of inoculation in
research reports using novel and expected attacks are equivalent. The practical
implication of this result is that practitioners can feel reasonably confident that
inoculation treatments can produce resistance not only to those attack arguments
specifically refuted, but also to novel attacks*thus, greatly increasing the value of
inoculation as a communication strategy. As Pfau and Kenski (1990) argued, ‘‘If the
construct were limited to preemptive refutation, it would afford limited utility since
communicators would need to prepare specific preemptive messages corresponding
to each and every anticipated attack’’ (p. 75). Because this meta-analysis demonstrates
inoculation works equally well against novel and expected attacks, future
inoculation research should explore the boundaries of this ‘‘blanket of protection’’
(Compton & Pfau, 2005, p. 105). The question of how inoculation against one
position creates inoculation against other related positions remains unanswered in
the inoculation literature.
.
The second moderator examined in this study was the effectiveness of inoculation
to produce resistance to novel attack arguments. It was predicted that inoculation
treatments would generalize beyond the arguments refuted in those treatments. The
results indicated that inoculations do confer resistance even to attacks that were not
addressed in inoculation treatment and, furthermore, the effects of inoculation in
research reports using novel and expected attacks are equivalent. The practical
implication of this result is that practitioners can feel reasonably confident that
inoculation treatments can produce resistance not only to those attack arguments
specifically refuted, but also to novel attacks*thus, greatly increasing the value of
inoculation as a communication strategy. As Pfau and Kenski (1990) argued, ‘‘If the
construct were limited to preemptive refutation, it would afford limited utility since
communicators would need to prepare specific preemptive messages corresponding
to each and every anticipated attack’’ (p. 75). Because this meta-analysis demonstrates
inoculation works equally well against novel and expected attacks, future
inoculation research should explore the boundaries of this ‘‘blanket of protection’’
(Compton & Pfau, 2005, p. 105). The question of how inoculation against one
position creates inoculation against other related positions remains unanswered in
the inoculation literature.
.
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