3.2.2. Cruciform-section specimens
The cruciformspecimens had one-edge stiffened elements only. The
test results are summarized in Table 5. As expected for this cruciform
section, the final failure was triggered by torsional buckling mode
(see Fig. 10). Themeasuredmean strain versus stress relationships are reported
in Fig. 11. Again, several available test results were compared in
Fig. 12 with various design standards [5,9–11] based on the normalized