Refining entails the exploitation of all value-added fractions
that could be derived from a given raw material for the production
of various end-products with diversified market outlets
leading to efficient utilization of the resource with simultaneous
maximization of profit. The deployment of refining principles facilitates
industrial implementation. For instance, the corn wet milling
industry (Peckham, 2001) and petroleum refineries demonstrate
the historical evolution of two industrial sectors that exploited
technological innovation and feedstock refining. The development
of integrated biorefineries exploiting waste and by-product
streams generated by current industrial sectors (e.g., biodiesel production
processes from oilseeds, dried distillers grains) could lead to the production of chemicals, biopolymers, food, feed and highvalue
products (Koutinas et al., 2014; Xiang and Runge, 2014).