The results indicate that, contrary to agency theory, having an independent chair does not lead to gains to shareholder wealth. There is, rather, a positive relationship between CEO duality and shareholder wealth. This is not statistically significant, but the present test is a conservative one (for the reasons stated earlier). There may be a larger positive effect of CEO duality on shareholder wealth which would be revealed by a fuller study. It is also possible that long-term compensation may also be attenuated herein for some reason, such as the use of a dichotomy rather than a continuous variable which records the amount of longterm compensation, and subsequent study may reveal a more positive impact of long-term CEO compensation on shareholder wealth.