(3) creating a class of educated leaders to fill vacancies left by departing expatriates or otherwise vacant or prospective positions in governmental services, public corporations, private domestic and foreign businesses, and professions and 4) providing the kind of training and education that would promote literacy and basic skills while encouraging "modern" attitudes on the part of diverse segments of the population. Even if alternative investment in the economy could have generated greater growth, this would not detract from the important contributions, noneconomic as well as economic, that education can make and has made to promoting aggregate economic growth. However, we must also consider the structure and pattern of that economic growth its distribution implications, who benefit