The selection criteria for subjects involved being a male secondary school student who was: (a) enrolled in one of the 16 public schools used in the study; (b) living with a parent or, if not living with a parent,havingcontactwithaparent;(c)classifiedas beinginoneofthefiveearlysmokinguptakestages (non-susceptible pre-contemplation, susceptible pre-contemplation, initiation/tried or experimentation/ addiction); and, (d) not having circulatory and/or respiratory problems, such as heart disease or asthma, because the treatment of these illnesses requires no smoking. Those who took part in the study were primarily Buddhist, tended to be living with parents, ranged in age from 12 to 16 years (mean age of 13.72), and almost equally distributed among the secondary educational levels of L1 to L3. The majority of parents, both mother and father, held only a primary education or lower. Approximately 68% (n = 755) of the students indicated never having tried a cigarette, while 32% (n = 347), starting at an average age of 12.8 years, had tried smoking. Only 2 students (0.18%) fell into the contemplation/preparation stage of smoking uptake. As a result of this small number (w hichw ouldfailtop roducefi ndingso fsignificance) , data from these students were not used in the analyses, other than calculations of the demographic data, making the total number of participants 1,100.