This is an analytical framework appropriated from the study of profit-making firms that typically uses regression models to provide point estimated of how the inputs of schooling (student characteristics, school resources, teaching experience, etc.) relate to the outputs of schooling (test scores, graduation rates, etc.) Such studies have been used repeatedly to support claims that “money does not matter” or more technically that there is no significant positive correlation between monetary inputs (usually measured as per student expenditures) and test scores or other education outputs. These studies are often technically very sophisticated and are presented as objective representations of the causal relationship that exist in the real world. As the data clearly indicate that money does not matter the response to “ what should we do about school performance?” should focus on alternatives such as institutional re form rather than on more resources (e.g., Chubb and more 1990; Moe 2001)