Amongst specific issues, crisis and disaster management is one of the topics discussed the most. Following the view that complexity and chaos theories offer a means for enriching the comprehension of these events and improve the ability to manage their effects (see, for example, Crandall et al., 2010), many authors have used such models for their analyses. Faulkner (2001) distinguishes between crises and disasters and proposes a framework to manage disasters in tourism destinations. Ritchie (2004) deals with strategic and holistic approaches to crisis management, proposing a framework in three stages:
(1) crisis and disaster prevention and planning;
(2) strategic implementation; and
(3) resolution, evaluation and feedback.