In terms of the former all the cases in our sample exhibited some degree of customer interface as one would expect in an industry dominated by the service experience. However, only a few of the interviews revealed any collaboration of the type identified within S-D Logic, i.e. where the consumer was acting as an active operant resource in the co-creation process. At a broad level two distinct groups of hotels can be identified in terms of the extent of customer co-creation. The first group, which represented the majority of cases in our sub-sample, were not actively embracing co-creation as an overt part of the operational or marketing strategy, although some were beginning to think about how to engage more with consumers. This group included hotels of all types from budget to Five Star, covering cases B, D, F, G and H in Table 3. In contrast, the second group, represented by hotels A, C and E, had one key characteristic in common, that being their keenness to innovate, in addition to being actively involved in consumer co-creation. As with the first group, these hotels were drawn from diverse parts of the industry. This is not to imply that the hotels in group one were not innovating, but rather that the interviews suggested that innovation did not seem to be a key driver in their business plan.