The ground reflectance and de-rating factor are assumed to be
20% and 90%, respectively. The intent of using the de-rating factor is
to account for different types of losses in the PV panels such as
shading, aging, wiring losses and soling in the real world operating
condition [24]. The capital cost and replacement cost of the PV
panels are assumed to be $2800/kW and $2500/kW, respectively.
Installation and shipping are including in these prices. The O&M
cost of the PV panels is relatively low and is assumed to be $10/kW/
year.