The well-known models of the speaking process proposed by Levelt (1989) and Kormos (2006) describe three main stages of speech production: conceptualization, formulation, and articulation. During the first stage, speakers form preverbal messages in the conceptualizer. In the formulator, they search for and retrieve necessary vocabulary from the mental lexicon, which contains information related to vocabulary and syntactic structures, in order to produce utterances with syntactic and phonological information. In the final stage, they utter the speech that they have formulated. Levelt stated that L1 speakers conduct these processes in parallel and automatically, without using substantial cognitive resources. However, L2 speakers experience much greater difficulty in executing such processes, a fact that prompted Kormos (2006) to propose an L2 speaking model