The persistence of these drawbacks in OPAC-interface design is rooted deeply in cataloging rules that were derived from the manual environment more than a century ago. It reflects the gap between “concepts typically held by nonprofessional users and those used in library practices.” In her article “Why Are Online Catalogs Still Hard to Use?” Borgman concludes: Despite numerous improvements to the user interface of online catalogs in recent years, searchers still find them hard to use. Most of the improvements are in surface features rather than in the core functionality. We see little evidence that our research on searching behavior studies has influenced online catalog design.