• Incremental control swimming (CSW) test: this test consisted of tethered swimming, conducted
between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. in a 25-metre indoor swimming pool, under the same water
condition (water temperature of 27 °C). All swimmers performed front crawl with free stroke
frequency. The athlete was attached by a waist belt to an elastic rope connected to a digital
dynamometer (PCE, FM1000, Ballingen, Germany) able to continuously provide on a display
the values of the force being applied to the rope. The belt arrangement allowed the swimmers to
kick freely. The other extremity of the dynamometer, which had a computer interface which
allowed for the registration of the tension applied to the rope throughout tests, was fixed to the
starting block of the pool. The instrument range of measure was from 0 to 100 kg, with a
resolution of 0.05 kg and an accuracy s = 0.5% (±5 N). The tension applied to the elastic rope
was constantly monitored on the dynamometer display, and the researcher (who checked the
dynamometer) provided continuous vocal feedback to an assistant who moved a pole with a
coloured signal fixed at the extremity and immersed in the water forward or backward.
• Incremental control swimming (CSW) test: this test consisted of tethered swimming, conducted
between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. in a 25-metre indoor swimming pool, under the same water
condition (water temperature of 27 °C). All swimmers performed front crawl with free stroke
frequency. The athlete was attached by a waist belt to an elastic rope connected to a digital
dynamometer (PCE, FM1000, Ballingen, Germany) able to continuously provide on a display
the values of the force being applied to the rope. The belt arrangement allowed the swimmers to
kick freely. The other extremity of the dynamometer, which had a computer interface which
allowed for the registration of the tension applied to the rope throughout tests, was fixed to the
starting block of the pool. The instrument range of measure was from 0 to 100 kg, with a
resolution of 0.05 kg and an accuracy s = 0.5% (±5 N). The tension applied to the elastic rope
was constantly monitored on the dynamometer display, and the researcher (who checked the
dynamometer) provided continuous vocal feedback to an assistant who moved a pole with a
coloured signal fixed at the extremity and immersed in the water forward or backward.
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