Hydroponics, known as a soilless farming, is a method of growing
plants using mineral nutrient solutions in water, without soil.
The macronutrients, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium
(K) in the hydroponic solution are essential for crop growth. These
nutrients are generally taken into plants in various ionic forms,
such as nitrate ðNO
3 Þ, orthophosphates (H2PO
4 or HPO2
4 ), and
potassium (K+) through a combination of root interception, mass