One gram of each flour sample was weighed into a pre-weighed centrifuge tube and 10 ml of distilled water were added. Samples were vortexed for one min and allowed to stand for 30 min at 25 °C before being centrifuged at 4000g for 25 min. Excess water was decanted by inverting the tubes over absorbent paper and samples were allowed to drain. For oil absorption, 10 ml refined sunflower oil were used. The weights of water and bound oil samples were calculated by difference.