The analysis can be complemented by an assessment of endemism among higher taxa such as families and genera. Madagascar (including nearby Indian Ocean islands) possesses 11 endemic families and 310 endemic genera of plants, 5 endemic families and 14 endemic genera of primates, and 5 endemic families and 35 endemic genera of birds. Cape Floristic Province has 6 endemic families and 198 endemic genera of plants; and New Caledonia has 5 endemic families and 112 endemic genera of plants, and 1 endemic family and 3 endemic genera of birds. In contrast, the United States and Canada, with an expanse 8.8 times larger than the 25 hotspots combined, have only two endemic families of plants. Moreover, plant family richness can often serve as a predictor of species richness for certain animal taxa such as mammals, amphibians and reptiles32.