Materials and Methods
Participants
Forty-two children, aged 3 to 14 years, having
day surgical procedures (including orchidopexy,
inguinal hernia repair, circumcision)
were asked to participate in this study.
Surgery was performed between 8.30 am
and 12 am and under general anesthesia, at
Pediatric Surgery Unit. Exclusion criteria
were: chronic illness, obesity, use of any medications
and experience of prenatal music
therapy.14-17 At admission, written and oral
consent was obtained from all the children and
their parents.
The ethics committee of the Department ofInternal Medicine, University of Pavia,
approved the study protocol and the researcher
complied with the Helsinki Declaration.