This phenotypic stability role is
facilitated through the ability of vitamin D to increase the expression of both Nrf2 and the anti-ageing
protein Klotho, which are also major regulators of Ca2þ and redox signalling. A decline in Vitamin D
levels will lead to a decline in the stability of this regulatory signalling network and may account for why
so many of the major diseases in man, which have been linked to vitamin D deficiency, are associated
with a dysregulation in both ROS and Ca2þ signalling.