Figure 5 . Electrochemical behavior of a VRB using mixed sulfate-chloirde
electrolyte. a) Performance of a VRB with a 2.5 M all-vanadium, sulfatechloride,
mixed electrolyte fl ow battery at room temperature ( ∼ 25 ° C).
Charge and discharge voltage window: 1.27 to 1.6 V; discharge and
charge current: 50 mA/cm 2
. b) Cyclic performance of a VRB with a 2.5 M
vanadium mixed solution at 25 ° C. Same cell operation conditions as (a).
c) Performance of a VRB with a 2.5 M vanadium mixed solution at 40, 50,
5, and 0 ° C. Same cell operation conditions as (a).