Table 2
Barriers to the production of co-modal transport services.
Public decision markers Terminal managers
Legal/Regulatory Complex legal framework
Hard to monitor a deregulated market
Absence of implementation of existing intermodality policy by
national governments
Environmental rules curb the intermodality (e.g. standards on noise)
Intermodality has not been part of planning processes of existing
infrastructure
Different regulation in different countries or cities
There are no homogeneous standards for information services and
safety aspects
The planning times in the political process are too long
Institutional Lack of a coordinating authority
Lack of cooperation between operators
Lack of institutional cooperation between the central and the
local level
Several actors with different responsibility
Lack of cooperation among transport modes
The market is very irregular: there are a lot of players, with different
agreements
Different authorities and directors lead to diffuse responsibilities
There are often different own interests of politicians and transport
operators
Contractual Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Lack of temporal coordination among transport operators
The economic aims of transport operators and terminal managers
are different
Informational Lack of a coordinating authority to define information standards
It is necessary to create an integrated information system
Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Physical Absence of cooperation
No right to change or extend the interchange
Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Economic Complex economic framework
Other revenue should be charged to cross-subsidise other facilities
Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Transport operators User association
Legal/Regulatory Long-winded planning and licencing processes before investments
in infrastructure can be made
Lack of simple technical standards
Too much regulation on the issue
Intermodality is not part of the planning process
Lack of integration with soft modes such as bicycles
There are not enough intermodal offers or they are not noticed by
customers, which leads to a low demand
Institutional Too many institutions that want to control and coordinate
Cultural, political and institutional barriers that causes a lack of
planning activities
Absence of an entity/authority that coordinates the provision
of operators
Different companies/organisations are involved when transport
nodes are concerned and there is lack of coordination among them
Lack of city or local participation in stations’ activities
Transport operators are very competitive
Contractual NA NA
Informational Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Physical Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Economic Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Absence of common standards in contracts
Absence of incentives for intermodality (transport operators)
Source: HERMES Deliverable 3 (2011).
V. Reis et al. /