The temperature of the feed was controlled by circulating
chilled water through a jacket-feed tank. The cross-flow
velocity (CFV) and transmembrane pressure (TMP) were controlled
using needle permeate valve, back pressure (retentate) valve and
variable speed-feed pump. The digital balance (GF-3000, A&D, Japan),
connected to the computer, was used to measure the permeate
flux.