In the present
process employed for the production of ethanol from
starchy materials, raw starch is first gelatinized by
cooking at a high temperature to induce the disruption
and solubilization of the starch granules, then
liquefied by a-amylase and saccharified to glucose by
glucoamylase. Finally, the glucose is converted to
ethanol by the yeast cells (Eksteen et al. 2003).