Protostars
Protostars form when sections of giant molecular clouds start to collapse. Clouds are initially diffuse enough that they do not contract unless something triggers an increase in the density of some regions within a cloud. There are several possible causes that include:
The expanding shock front from a nearby supernovae sweeps up the local ISM and compresses it. As the front passes through a cloud it causes irregularities and local regions of higher density that may then collapse.
Spiral galaxies rotate without their arms "winding up". This is due to a spiral density wave that sweeps around the plane of the galaxy, compressing the material in its path including clouds of dust and gas. This helps account for the observed star formation in spiral arms.
Stars and clouds are not fixed in place, as they move they may pass near another cloud, triggering gravitational collapse due to variations in density.
Regions with a number of young, hot O and B-class stars (called OB Associations) produce large amounts of visible and ultraviolet radiation that compress the ISM due to radiation pressure.
The gravitational collapse of a GMC does not result in a single, massive star. Instead the cloud tends to fragment into smaller denser regions that each collapse to form star systems. Up to a few thousand stars may typically form in a collapsing GMC resulting in an open (or galactic) cluster.
The dense regions collapse due to gravitational attraction between the particles. Individual gas or dust particles move in towards the centre of the collapsing region, losing gravitational potential energy. As the total energy of the system is conserved the loss of gravitational energy is balanced by an increase in the kinetic energy of the particles. These particles then undergo more collisions which in turn raises the temperature of the gas. At this stage further collapse is only possible if the cloud can radiate away the thermal energy so that the radiation pressure outwards remains lower than the inward gravitational pull. This is achieved via convection cycling warm material upwards within the cloud, making the collapsing cloud visible in the infrared region.
ProtostarsProtostars form when sections of giant molecular clouds start to collapse. Clouds are initially diffuse enough that they do not contract unless something triggers an increase in the density of some regions within a cloud. There are several possible causes that include:The expanding shock front from a nearby supernovae sweeps up the local ISM and compresses it. As the front passes through a cloud it causes irregularities and local regions of higher density that may then collapse.Spiral galaxies rotate without their arms "winding up". This is due to a spiral density wave that sweeps around the plane of the galaxy, compressing the material in its path including clouds of dust and gas. This helps account for the observed star formation in spiral arms.Stars and clouds are not fixed in place, as they move they may pass near another cloud, triggering gravitational collapse due to variations in density.Regions with a number of young, hot O and B-class stars (called OB Associations) produce large amounts of visible and ultraviolet radiation that compress the ISM due to radiation pressure.The gravitational collapse of a GMC does not result in a single, massive star. Instead the cloud tends to fragment into smaller denser regions that each collapse to form star systems. Up to a few thousand stars may typically form in a collapsing GMC resulting in an open (or galactic) cluster.The dense regions collapse due to gravitational attraction between the particles. Individual gas or dust particles move in towards the centre of the collapsing region, losing gravitational potential energy. As the total energy of the system is conserved the loss of gravitational energy is balanced by an increase in the kinetic energy of the particles. These particles then undergo more collisions which in turn raises the temperature of the gas. At this stage further collapse is only possible if the cloud can radiate away the thermal energy so that the radiation pressure outwards remains lower than the inward gravitational pull. This is achieved via convection cycling warm material upwards within the cloud, making the collapsing cloud visible in the infrared region.
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