In addition to providing immediate basic life support,
it is important to alert advanced-life-support
teams as soon as possible. Because of the wide
variety of clinical presentations of drowning, a classification
system of six grades, with higher numbers
indicating more severe impairment, can help
to stratify risk and guide interventions (Fig. 1).21,34
A person with pulmonary damage may initially
be able to maintain adequate oxygenation through
an abnormally high respiratory rate and can be
treated by the administration of oxygen by face
mask at a rate of 15 liters of oxygen per minute.
Early intubation and mechanical ventilation are
indicated when the person shows signs of deterioration
or fatigue (grade 3 or 4).21 Once intubated,
most persons can be oxygenated and ventilated
effectively. Although copious pulmonary-edema
In addition to providing immediate basic life support,
it is important to alert advanced-life-support
teams as soon as possible. Because of the wide
variety of clinical presentations of drowning, a classification
system of six grades, with higher numbers
indicating more severe impairment, can help
to stratify risk and guide interventions (Fig. 1).21,34
A person with pulmonary damage may initially
be able to maintain adequate oxygenation through
an abnormally high respiratory rate and can be
treated by the administration of oxygen by face
mask at a rate of 15 liters of oxygen per minute.
Early intubation and mechanical ventilation are
indicated when the person shows signs of deterioration
or fatigue (grade 3 or 4).21 Once intubated,
most persons can be oxygenated and ventilated
effectively. Although copious pulmonary-edema
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