Abstract The recent exponential growth in the use of image processing software applications has
been accompanied by a parallel increase in their use in criminal activities. Image processing tools have
been associated with a variety of crimes, including counterfeiting of currency notes, cheques, as well as
manipulation of important government documents, wills, financial deeds or educational certificates.
Thus, it is important for the Document Examiner to keep up to date with latest technological and
scientific advances in the field. The present research focuses on the use of image processing tools
for the examination of computer-manipulated documents. The altered documents were examined
using a suite of currently available image processing tools. The results demonstrate that a number
of tools are capable of detecting computer-based manipulations of written documents.
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Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).