A third model offers a more expanded view of what is important relevant in an organization. Members are not only invested in achieving the purposes of the organization, they are also motivated by their needs, values, and feelings. And unless an organization is able to deal with these, it will not be effective no matter how rational its procedures. This model got its thrust in 1927 from a series of studies con- ducted in the United States to examine how people behave in organizations. One purpose of the studies was to observe whether workers be- haved differently as their working conditions were changed. It seemed reasonable to suppose that if the conditions were improved, the workers would perform better. Surprisingly, however, the studies found that no matter what changes were made, either positive or negative, the workers produced more. Apparently, the conditions themselves were not as important as the attention the workers received from the researchers; as long as they were surveyed, questioned, and observed, they worked harder 11 The implication for theories of organizations is that the human side of organizations -the ways in which workers feel and interact-has a real effect on their productivity Given the importance of this informal system, Chris Argyris concludes that organizations need to make changes in their procedures in order to elicit contributions from their members. Simon suggests improving in formation processes, but that is not enough. Because Simon ignores of emotions within organizations, he also ignores the extent to which they can distort information. Instead it is necessary to stimulate organizations to develop in ways that are compatible with people's emotional needs and energies.12 (These ways we discuss in Chapter 5)