The adsorbed form of Li2S, immobilized nearly on the bridge sites of oxygen atoms (Ob), differs from that of free Li2Sn because the longest Li–S bond of 3.37 Å is absent (Fig. 5(b)). The DFT calculation results show that strong Ti–S interactions exist in all lithium polysulfide structures, which could result from the similar ionic bonding properties of TiO2 and Li2Sn [45]. The S–O bond appears in the structure of Li2S adsorbed at Ob sites (Fig. S10 in the ESM). These calculation results agree well with the XPS analysis above, demonstrating that lithium polysulfides can be well confined on the TiO2 substrate by chemical binding.