performance. The specific acts, or task elements, are reviewed to identify the
knowledge and skill components involved in task performance. Finally, a hierarchy of
objectives is organized. (Smith 1971: 584) -
A similar process is at the heart of the curriculum approach known as Competency-Based
Language Teaching (see Chapter 13). Task-based training identified several key areas of
concern.
1. analysis of real-world task-use situations
2. the translation of these into teaching tasks descriptions
3. the detailed design of instructional tasks
4. the sequencing of instructional tasks in classroom training/teaching
These same issues remain central in current discussions of task-based instruction in language
teaching. Although task analysis and instructional design initially dealt with solo job
performance on manual tasks, attention then turned to team tasks, for which communication
is required. Four major categories of team performance function were recognized:
1. orientation functions (processes for generating and distributing information necessary to
task accomplishment to team members)
2. organizational functions (processes necessary for members to coordinate actions necessary
for task performance)
3. adaptation functions (processes occurring as team members adapt their performance to
each other to complete the task)
4. motivational functions (defining team objectives and "energizing the group" to complete
the task)
(Nieva, Fleishman, and Rieck [1978], cited in Crookes 1986)
Advocates of TBLT have made similar attempts to define and validate the nature and
function of tasks in language teaching. Although studies of the kind just noted have focused
on the nature of occupational tasks, academic tasks have also been the focus of considerable
attention in general education since the early 1970s. Doyle noted that in elementary
education, "the academic task is the mechanism through which the curriculum is enacted for
students" (Doyle 1983: 161). Academic tasks are defined as having four important
dimensions:
1. the products students are asked to produce
2. the operations they are required to use in order to produce these products
3. the cognitive operations required and the resources available
4. the accountability system involved
performance. The specific acts, or task elements, are reviewed to identify theknowledge and skill components involved in task performance. Finally, a hierarchy ofobjectives is organized. (Smith 1971: 584) -A similar process is at the heart of the curriculum approach known as Competency-BasedLanguage Teaching (see Chapter 13). Task-based training identified several key areas ofconcern.1. analysis of real-world task-use situations2. the translation of these into teaching tasks descriptions3. the detailed design of instructional tasks4. the sequencing of instructional tasks in classroom training/teachingThese same issues remain central in current discussions of task-based instruction in languageteaching. Although task analysis and instructional design initially dealt with solo jobperformance on manual tasks, attention then turned to team tasks, for which communicationis required. Four major categories of team performance function were recognized:1. orientation functions (processes for generating and distributing information necessary totask accomplishment to team members)2. organizational functions (processes necessary for members to coordinate actions necessaryfor task performance)3. adaptation functions (processes occurring as team members adapt their performance toeach other to complete the task)4. motivational functions (defining team objectives and "energizing the group" to completethe task) (Nieva, Fleishman, and Rieck [1978], cited in Crookes 1986)Advocates of TBLT have made similar attempts to define and validate the nature andfunction of tasks in language teaching. Although studies of the kind just noted have focusedon the nature of occupational tasks, academic tasks have also been the focus of considerableattention in general education since the early 1970s. Doyle noted that in elementaryeducation, "the academic task is the mechanism through which the curriculum is enacted forstudents" (Doyle 1983: 161). Academic tasks are defined as having four importantdimensions:1. the products students are asked to produce2. the operations they are required to use in order to produce these products3. the cognitive operations required and the resources available4. the accountability system involved
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