Anthracnose infection processes can be divided into two stages,
referred to initially as biotrophs and later switching to necrotrophs.
The first biotrophic stage involves spore germination and the
formation of an appressorium, then penetration into plant tissues
by a thin penetration peg. In the second necrotrophic stage, the
invaded hypha is developed in the plant tissues, resulting in death
and collapse to form a sunken area [10,11]. To verify the attenuation
of disease symptoms, we also surveyed the differences in size
of anthracnose lesions. Interestingly, as displayed in Table 1,
treatment with B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 was not significantly different
from the control in terms of lesion size (area). However, the disease
severity was significantly reduced in plants treated with
B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 compared with the controls. This suggests
that B. subtilis was able to inhibit virulence at the penetration
stage, but not at the tissue invasion stage. This implies that
treatment during the penetration stage is critical in protecting
against anthracnose.
Lastly, we investigated the area of the lesions as a percentage of
the total leaf area, which is equivalent to disease severity. As shown
in Fig. 3 and Table 1, there was no significant difference in the
control of anthracnose between B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 and ITA
(p < 0.01). Furthermore, the percentage of leaf area covered by
lesions indicated significant linear correlation (r ¼ 0.95038,
p < 0.05) with the number of lesions. This again suggests that the
penetration stage is critical in the effective control of anthracnose
in ginseng. These observations also confirm the veracity of visual
assessments.
Anthracnose infection processes can be divided into two stages,referred to initially as biotrophs and later switching to necrotrophs.The first biotrophic stage involves spore germination and theformation of an appressorium, then penetration into plant tissuesby a thin penetration peg. In the second necrotrophic stage, theinvaded hypha is developed in the plant tissues, resulting in deathand collapse to form a sunken area [10,11]. To verify the attenuationof disease symptoms, we also surveyed the differences in sizeof anthracnose lesions. Interestingly, as displayed in Table 1,treatment with B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 was not significantly differentfrom the control in terms of lesion size (area). However, the diseaseseverity was significantly reduced in plants treated withB. subtilis HK-CSM-1 compared with the controls. This suggeststhat B. subtilis was able to inhibit virulence at the penetrationstage, but not at the tissue invasion stage. This implies thattreatment during the penetration stage is critical in protectingagainst anthracnose.Lastly, we investigated the area of the lesions as a percentage ofthe total leaf area, which is equivalent to disease severity. As shownin Fig. 3 and Table 1, there was no significant difference in thecontrol of anthracnose between B. subtilis HK-CSM-1 and ITA(p < 0.01). Furthermore, the percentage of leaf area covered bylesions indicated significant linear correlation (r ¼ 0.95038,p < 0.05) with the number of lesions. This again suggests that thepenetration stage is critical in the effective control of anthracnosein ginseng. These observations also confirm the veracity of visualassessments.
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