A number of human studies have shown an inverse correlation between caffeinated coffee and not decaffeinated coffee or caffeine alone indicating that, if real, modulation of parameters associated with depression is likely due to a combination of caffeine with one or more biologically active constituents of coffee.
Bioactive coffee constituents have been shown to positively influence various parameters, including inflammation, oxidative stress and behaviour, associated with the neuroinflammatory hypotheses of depression in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides an insight into bioactive compounds that may have positive effects on numerous components of the neuroinflammatory hypotheses of depression highlighting the growing evidence to support this theory of depression. The bioactive coffee constituents caffeine, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid all have biological properties that alter the parameters associated with the neuroinflammatory hypotheses of depression including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Given the current limitations of evidence, further in vitro and in vivo studies, assessing the effects of combinations of the various coffee constituents of interest, are warranted to better represent what is seen in initial human studies. This review also highlights the need for a high quality randomised controlled study to assess the potential benefits of coffee and its constituents in depression and until then caution must be exercised when evaluating the possible antidepressant effects of caffeinated coffee.A number of human studies have shown an inverse correlation between caffeinated coffee and not decaffeinated coffee or caffeine alone indicating that, if real, modulation of parameters associated with depression is likely due to a combination of caffeine with one or more biologically active constituents of coffee.
Bioactive coffee constituents have been shown to positively influence various parameters, including inflammation, oxidative stress and behaviour, associated with the neuroinflammatory hypotheses of depression in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review provides an insight into bioactive compounds that may have positive effects on numerous components of the neuroinflammatory hypotheses of depression highlighting the growing evidence to support this theory of depression. The bioactive coffee constituents caffeine, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and caffeic acid all have biological properties that alter the parameters associated with the neuroinflammatory hypotheses of depression including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Given the current limitations of evidence, further in vitro and in vivo studies, assessing the effects of combinations of the various coffee constituents of interest, are warranted to better represent what is seen in initial human studies. This review also highlights the need for a high quality randomised controlled study to assess the potential benefits of coffee and its constituents in depression and until then caution must be exercised when evaluating the possible antidepressant effects of caffeinated coffee.