The effects of tannins on growth and digestion were compared in two species of swallowtail caterpillars — Papillio polyxenes, a specialist on Umbelliferae that normally does not encounter tannins in nature, and P. glaucus, a generalist whose hostplant range includes tanniniferous tree species in several families. In one experiment, tannin extracted from Liriodendron tulipifera, a P. glaucus foodplant, was applied to leaves from hostplants on the two species; tannin in the diet caused greater mortality in P. polyxenes but failed to do so in P. glaucus. In a second experiment, tannins did not affect digestion, growth rate or nitrogen utilization in either species over a 24-hour period. These findings are inconsistent with the proposed mechanism of digestibility reduction by tannins and, moreover, demonstrate that some degree of counteradaptation is possible in coevolved species. Tannins may thus possess toxic properties other than digestibility reduction