According to Habermas (1991), a public sphere began to emerge in the 18th century,
through the marketplace, the growth of coffee houses, literary societies and other societies
and voluntary associations. This happened at the same time as the growth of the press, as
it is illustrated in Figure 2, on the evolution of the public sphere below. In their efforts to
discipline the state, parliament and other agencies of representative government sought to
manage the public sphere. The success of the public sphere depends on the following
elements