The emphasis on specified contributions implies compliance compensation practices will emphasize greater pay dispersion and quantifying employee outputs, which creates interpersonal competition for rewards (Shaw, Gupta, & Delery, 2002). Results-based rewards should direct employees toward their own specific work responsibilities and organizational goals (Kang, Morris, & Snell, 2007). As noted above, in market pricing climates, equity norms are used to judge fairness. In a recent experiment, Bamberger and Levi (2008) found that when incentives were awarded according to the norm of equity, less helping occurred. Emphasizing individua
rewards can also diminish non-instrumental exchanges that might stimulate eventual helping relationships.