One particular negotiating modality can also contribute to PTAs that focus on provisions that explicitly discriminate against foreigners. This is the request-and-offer modality that is currently being used in the Doha negotiations on services, and is the means by which many PTAs are negotiated. Under this modality, countries are asked to contemplate, not just reforms that are in their own best interests, but reforms that are in their trading partners’ best interests. It will tend to be in a trading partner's best interests to target only those provisions that explicitly discriminate against foreigners – in this way, the foreign market share is maximised. Foreign producers would generally have little interest in unleashing competition from promising domestic new entrants. They would rather join a cartel on a far more selective basis!