2. Do more with less. There may not be a single city anywhere that believes it has enough money to accomplish all it wants and needs to do. To deal with budget pressures, cities need to make every effort to collect, manage, and spend their resources effectively. São Paulo has increased value-added-tax revenues not by raising the rate but by improving tax collection; since 2007, it has offered a rebate on sales tax paid by consumers who send in their paper receipts. This has helped reduce underreporting by stores.
High-performing cities assess and manage expenses well—what in business terms would be called “cost efficiency”—in good times and bad. Several specific actions have proved successful: for instance, outsourcing administration to lower-cost centers emphasizing strategic procurement, and using zero-based budgeting (in which the budget is built from scratch and every line item must be approved).
In addition, great city leaders accept that not every service, from information services to park maintenance, needs to be provided directly by government personnel, and they acknowledge that the mandate for government changes over time. Although authorities may be wary of giving up control, well-designed public–private partnerships have proved capable of delivering infrastructure and services at lower cost and higher quality. The key is to define concrete, measurable goals using cost-benefit analysis and rigorous performance metrics. Britain has done this with road-building partnerships, establishing high-level guidance and setting out the conditions under which toll roads can be built. Regardless of where the money is coming from, there is no substitute for good governance and investment accountability—that is, the ranking, design, delivery, and management of capital investments. This may sound obvious, but it is not nearly as common as it should be. MGI has noted that, in some countries, half or more of electricity is lost in transmission and distribution. Reducing those losses is a lot cheaper than building new power plants. MGI estimates that as much as $400 billion a year could be saved just by speeding up permitting and by structuring projects to encourage time and cost savings.2 One example of how this can work in practice comes from San Francisco. The city created a capital-oversight body to hold developers and other city entities accountable for delivering on the investments. Among other things, they are required to make available to the public annual development reports and ten-year master plans.
Technology can be a game changer. The right data can be analyzed to help increase revenues, lower capital spending, and improve services. This can be as simple as using sensors to adjust street lighting depending on ambient-light conditions—which results in lower costs and no loss of quality. To take another example, New York City is using data on clogged basins to identify which restaurants might be illegally dumping grease. In site visits, with the support of data, inspectors were right 95 percent of the time, leading to better time management, fewer clogged basins, and more revenue (from the collection of fines). And Bucheon City in South Korea makes real-time traffic information available, allowing drivers to choose the least congested route and improving traffic flow.
2. ได้มากน้อย อาจไม่มีเมืองไหนที่เชื่อว่า มีเงินพอทำทั้งหมดที่ต้องการ และต้องทำ จัดการกับงบประมาณความดัน เมืองจำเป็นต้องพยายามรวบรวม จัดการ และใช้ทรัพยากรของตนได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ เซาเปาลูมีเพิ่ม value-added-ภาษีรายได้ไม่เพิ่มอัตรา แต่ โดยการเรียกเก็บภาษี การปรับปรุง 2550 มันได้เสนอเงินคืนภาษีขายที่ชำระ โดยผู้บริโภคที่ส่งรับสินค้ากระดาษของพวกเขา นี้ได้ช่วยลด underreporting ตามร้านค้าเมืองสูงการประเมิน และจัดการค่าใช้จ่ายดี — อะไรในแง่ธุรกิจจะเรียกว่า "ต้นทุนประสิทธิภาพ" — ในเวลาที่ดีและไม่ดี การดำเนินการต่าง ๆ ได้พิสูจน์ความสำเร็จ: จัดการจ้างต้นทุนต่ำเช่น ศูนย์เน้นการจัดซื้อเชิงกลยุทธ์ และการใช้งบประมาณ zero-based (ซึ่งงบประมาณอยู่ตั้งแต่ และต้องได้รับอนุมัติทุกรายการ)In addition, great city leaders accept that not every service, from information services to park maintenance, needs to be provided directly by government personnel, and they acknowledge that the mandate for government changes over time. Although authorities may be wary of giving up control, well-designed public–private partnerships have proved capable of delivering infrastructure and services at lower cost and higher quality. The key is to define concrete, measurable goals using cost-benefit analysis and rigorous performance metrics. Britain has done this with road-building partnerships, establishing high-level guidance and setting out the conditions under which toll roads can be built. Regardless of where the money is coming from, there is no substitute for good governance and investment accountability—that is, the ranking, design, delivery, and management of capital investments. This may sound obvious, but it is not nearly as common as it should be. MGI has noted that, in some countries, half or more of electricity is lost in transmission and distribution. Reducing those losses is a lot cheaper than building new power plants. MGI estimates that as much as $400 billion a year could be saved just by speeding up permitting and by structuring projects to encourage time and cost savings.2 One example of how this can work in practice comes from San Francisco. The city created a capital-oversight body to hold developers and other city entities accountable for delivering on the investments. Among other things, they are required to make available to the public annual development reports and ten-year master plans.Technology can be a game changer. The right data can be analyzed to help increase revenues, lower capital spending, and improve services. This can be as simple as using sensors to adjust street lighting depending on ambient-light conditions—which results in lower costs and no loss of quality. To take another example, New York City is using data on clogged basins to identify which restaurants might be illegally dumping grease. In site visits, with the support of data, inspectors were right 95 percent of the time, leading to better time management, fewer clogged basins, and more revenue (from the collection of fines). And Bucheon City in South Korea makes real-time traffic information available, allowing drivers to choose the least congested route and improving traffic flow.
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